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Introduction Protected areas are an essential part of the global response to climate change. They are helping to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. They are also helping society cope with climate change by maintaining essential services upon which people depend. Although many natural and managed ecosystems can help to mitigate or adapt to climate change, protected areas offer several advantages: recognition (often legal); long-term commitment to protection; agreed management and governance approaches; and management planning and capacity. They are often the most cost-effective option. In many situations, they contain the only natural or seminatural habitats remaining in large areas. ##### Adaptation Protected areas protect against the impacts and risks of climate change and maintain ecosystem integrity, while continuing to provide essential ecosystem services. The integrity of ecosystems, communities and species, and of the processes that confer resilience in ecosystems, is an essential factor in protecting against increasingly variable climatic extremes.
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